I spent eleven years in HR at Amazon and four at Panasonic. At Panasonic, I was also fortunate to take part in launching Yohana, a new-business subsidiary, and building its culture. Two things stayed with me from those years: culture is far harder to change than to build — and the "build a mechanism" approach drilled into me at Amazon is necessary, but not sufficient.

Edgar Schein described organizational culture in three layers: visible systems and structures (Artifacts), espoused beliefs and values (Espoused Values), and the basic underlying assumptions that lie at the deepest level (Basic Underlying Assumptions). When it comes to changing culture, he argues, starting from the deep layer of beliefs and values is difficult to carry out in practice. Instead, first define the desired behaviors concretely, create the conditions in which people can actually practice them — and culture begins to change only when people come to see for themselves that the new behaviors work. Mechanisms that encourage behavioral change — new evaluation systems, for example — are of course necessary, but they are not enough. What is also needed is the "justification" of the new values: role models who embody the new behaviors and beliefs, or people's own experience that acting in the new way actually made things better. This is exactly what I came to feel firsthand at Panasonic.

Amazon's culture had the Leadership Principles at its core, sustained by practices that consistently called for LP-aligned behavior — from business discussions and decision-making to hiring, evaluation, and promotion. In other words, Amazon crafted its Espoused Values and the Artifacts aligned with them, and built a strong culture by using them relentlessly. Panasonic's culture, on the other hand, seemed to me to be supported by its Basic Underlying Assumptions. The founder's philosophy — "a company is a public institution of society" — and the Seven Principles did come up in conversation, of course; but rather than something explicitly taught, they felt like something to be absorbed gradually through the experience of working at Panasonic — and that, in itself, was a source of employees' pride.

Even at such a company, as mid-career hires increased and the workforce grew more diverse, the Panasonic Leadership Principles (PLP) were introduced in 2023 as a lower-context behavioral guide, and their rollout into evaluation and other systems began in stages. The Espoused Values and Artifacts supporting the culture were thus reinforced. The aim was to strengthen the company's capacity for growth through a break from rule-based operation and a return to being principle-based. And yet generating the momentum of "this is going to change our culture" on the ground proved to be a real struggle. Amazon has a culture of changing things by running a mechanism: build a Tool (a system or process), drive its Adoption, and Audit its effect. Part of what made change possible there was people's trust in that very way of working. At Panasonic, by contrast, I sensed a deep-seated feeling in the field that changing the system alone does not change the culture. So what does? I believe the key is what people inside the company often call tezawari-kan — a tangible, felt sense grounded in real success stories. When some business unit has tried something and succeeded, and people feel "this could work for us too," things can catch fire all at once — as a great senior colleague in Panasonic HR once told me. It is the approach of starting from "bright spots," in Chip and Dan Heath's phrase. And it fits well with an organization where authority is largely delegated to its operating companies and business divisions.

I love building mechanisms and structures, and I believe they are an important lever in culture change as well. But experiencing different organizations opened my eyes to the importance of another approach — bright spots. Culture and change are subjects of endless fascination. I intend to keep learning — and practicing.

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Reference: Edgar H. Schein with Peter A. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 5th Edition (Wiley, 2017)/エドガー・H・シャイン『組織文化とリーダーシップ』